cuatro mg/d versus KCl, 110±2.7 mg/d; P<0.001) ( Table 1 ). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary pH (K-cit, 7.51±0.04 versus KCl, 6.71±0.05; P<0.001). K-cit reduced mean overall urinary NH4 (K-cit, 0.25±0.01 mmol/d versus KCl, 0.41±0.01 mmol/d; P<0.001). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary sulfate (K-cit, 1.08±0.02 mEq/d versus KCl, 0.86±0.02 mEq/d; P<0.001). Each of these changes was present at each time point. Overall mean urinary uric acid excretion did not differ (K-cit, 1.6±0.1 mg/d versus KCl, 2.0±0.2 mg/d; P=NS).
Table step 1.
Urinary citrate, pH and sulfate were increased while NH4, chloride, sodium and K were the same or decreased with K-cit compared to KCl
Thinking was expressed once the mean±SEM. Urine was compiled to possess 24 hr in the 6, 12, and you can 18 wk to choose solute membership given that described from the To the stage Procedures.
K-cit resulted in a slightly lower overall mean urinary sodium (K-cit, 2.16±0.03 mmol/d versus KCl, 2.36±0.04; P<0.001), which was significant at 6 and 18 weeks but not at 12 weeks ( Table 1 ). K-cit resulted in a slightly but significantly lower mean overall urinary K (K-cit, 4.8±0.04 mmol/d versus KCl, 5.3±0.08 mmol/d; P<0.001) that was significant at each time period. As expected, the rats receiving K-cit excreted less chloride than the rats receiving KCl (K-cit, 2.2±0.07 mEq/d versus KCl, 6.4±0.15 mEq/d; P<0.001), which was significant at each 6-week time period. K-cit did not alter the overall mean urine volume (K-cit, 47.3±1.6 ml/d versus KCl, 53.0±2.7 ml/d; P=NS) or the overall mean urinary creatinine (K-cit, ±0.17 mg/d versus KCl, ±0.22 mg/d; P=NS).
Pee Supersaturation
K-cit led to a significant increase in the urinary supersaturation with respect to both CaP (K-cit, 8.5±0.6 versus KCl, 4.9±0.2; P<0.001) and CaOx (K-cit, 9.8±0.5 versus KCl, 5.5±0.2; P<0.001) and a reduction of supersaturation with respect to uric acid (K-cit, 0.003±0.0005 versus KCl, 0.022±0.003; P<0.001) ( Figure 2 ). Each of these differences was significant at each time period.
Urinary supersaturation (SS) of CaP and CaOx were increased and uric acid SS was decreased with K-cit. Urine was collected for 24 hours at 6, 12, and 18 weeks to determine solute levels that were used to calculate relative supersaturation as described in the Concise Methods. Values for relative supersaturation are mean±SEM and are unitless. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.
Gel Membership
Gel degrees of calcium and you can PTH did not disagree ranging from K-cit–provided and you may KCl-given mice, when you find yourself serum phosphate account were ;given mice ( Profile step 3 ).
K-cit decreased serum phosphate levels but did not change serum Ca or PTH. At the conclusion of the 18-week study, these levels were determined as described in the Concise Methods. Values are mean±SEM. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.
Brick Development
K-cit didn’t alter the amount of stones molded or the amount off calcification about kidneys ( Shape 4 ). Most of the mice shaped rocks out-of similar size and you can thickness together with similar quantities of calcification within the kidney and you will get together program.
Renal brick creation and calcification wasn’t some other in the mice provided KCl otherwise K-cit. At the end of the newest 18-day research, the latest the quantity from renal rocks and you can calcification was influenced by around three observers as the discussed throughout the To the level Procedures. The amount of kidney calcification has also been calculated once the demonstrated in the Concise Strategies. (A) Affiliate radiographs out of kidneys out of rats searching KCl otherwise K-cit. Calcification results on photographs found are given once the a resource. (B) Quantitation out of stone formation and you can calcification in every mice researching KCl otherwise K-cit. Philosophy try indicate±SEM.
Apparent rocks was indeed dissected regarding representative kidneys out of both organizations and you can analyzed to possess amazingly morphology. The diffraction habits for everybody examined examples was basically congruent to your diffraction pattern out-of biologic apatite, a cap brick ( Shape 5 , top). Having use of alert electron microscopy (TEM), all of the renal brick deposits had a rod- or needle-eg contour, just like the morphology out-of biologic apatite crystals ( Profile 5 , bottom) and you can rather than this new octahedral crystal morphology of CaOx.