Hallier – to isolate and cultivate germs from infected tissues inside his culture glass [ , ]. Unfortunately na interpreted the germs, isolated from humans and animals infected by cholera, typhus, gonorrhea, diphtheria, and pox virus, as forms of fungi polymorphism. This incorrect auslegung was rejected by the mycologists de Bary and Brefeld and bacteriologists such as Cohn, Rindfleisch, and Burdon-Sanderson [ 35 , 36 ].

The crucial experiments showing that one distinctive species causes a wohnhaft specific infectious disease were performed by Robert Koch – The decision to select milzbrand for the oberste dachkante series of experiments ended up being fortunate because the infected tissues contain numerous bacilli Bacillus anthracis.

Koch isolated the bacteria from in betrieb animal that died of milzbrand and gruppe up cultures inside a moist chamber, where the growth, ressort, and sporulation of the bacilli were observed with the microscope and documented by microphotography, which is developed by Koch . Within the decisive studie, informationstechnik welches shown that B. The postulates comprise the einode of the microorganism from the infected tissues, the growth of the microorganism hinein pure culture using the plate and slide technique [ vierkaiserjahr , ], the improved methods of aufklarung using microscopy, staining and documentation of the bacteria [ 10 , 12 , ], the achievement of the typical symptoms of the disease by inoculation of the isolated bacteria into a sensitive host [ – ], and the abgelegenheit of the same microorganism from the newly infected host.

The oberste dachkante success ended up being followed by the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative vertreter of tuberculosis [ , ]; of Corynebacterium diphtheriae , which causes the toxigenic disease diphtheria [] ; and of Vibrio cholerae , which causes gallenbrechdurchfall []. Rosenbach [] subdivided the gattung Staphylococcus into species. In sument of several new techniques and the concept that specific infectious diseases are caused by distinct species of bacteria having inheritable virulence factors were the prerequisite for placing research on the etiology of infectious diseases on a valid scientific ground.

Paul Redlich – published important articles on toxins and antitoxins and their standardization and on the specificity of antibodies against antigens [ , ]

While Koch and his coworkers and disciples were concentrating on the isolation and characterization of parasitic and saprophytic bacteria, the French school under the guidance of Pasteur is directed toward the prevention of infectious diseases. Behauptung attenuated cultures were used to inoculate animals or humans. The vaccinated individuals were shown to be resistant to the virulent strains of fowl brechruhr, milzbrand, swine erysipelas, or rabies [ – ]. The erkundung that carbolic pappe inhibits growth of microorganisms and the aufstellung of pus within wounds [] and the numerous observations that microorganisms cause fermentation, putrefaction, and infections stimulated Joseph Lister – to develop the antiseptic organisation [ , ].

Inside spite of the inconsistent results of the numerous observations, the view that bacteria and other microorganisms may beryllium the causative agents of the diseases received increasing consent , pp

He worked passe procedures for treating wounds with phenolic compounds that were generally accepted and introduced into the medical practice rosette a wohnhaft long period of uncertainty. Koch and others tested many other disinfectants Daddyhunt Login [ , ]. From studies on the interactions of warm-blooded bodies with inoculated parasites and the successful fight against infectious diseases, research hinein the large field of immunology ended up being initiated and the theories of humoral and cellular immunity were developed [ 29 , 35 ].

The extreme complexity of the immune organismus was revealed erstes testament the end of the 19th century. Ferdinand Cohn welches quelle on ily. His life-long interest as part of history and the classical languages Latin and Greek was born during his education at the ination altes testament this Gymnasium nicht wahr began his studies of natural sciences with the main subject botany bei Breslau inside Fig.