To validate the results obtained in our study, we compared the current Salinity: ? 18 Osw ratio found by this study along with the primary data of Pierre and Ostlund, and the equation used by Toledo et al. (2007), which estimates the sea surface salinity based on the oxygen isotope composition of Globigerinoides ruber (white). All of these works are based on data from the upper Southwest Atlantic Ocean (<250 m). Toledo et al. (2007) used an equation obtained from previous data available from NASA/GISS (also using data from Pierre et al. (1991) and Ostlund et al. (1987), among others), converted from PBD (Pee Dee Belemnite) to V-SMOW using the -0.27 factor ( Hut HUT G. 1987. Consultants Group Meeting on Stable Isotopes Reference Samples for geochemical and hydrological investigations. Report to Director General. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 42 p. 1987):
This collection line keeps a slope extremely near the Meteoric Water-line (MWL:?=8) (Craig 1961), and therefore stands for an average relationships between hydrogen and you can oxygen isotope rates during the natural waters
In order to compare our ? 18 Osw and T-S data in the regional context with literature, ? 18 Osw data available in the NASA/GISS Global Seawater Oxygen-18 Database (Schmidt et al. 1999) from the South Atlantic Ocean (Pierre et al. 1991, Ostlund et al. 1987) were used. As explained in the introduction, the study by Pierre et al. (1991) was conducted in a narrow area between 21.9°S and 26.5°S latitude during the austral Summer, from pling from surface to
2000) near 21°S plus the leftover investigation off body trials just along side GEOSECS section (Fig. 1). Afterwards, this type of works would-be known while the Pierre and Ostlund, respectively.
Although recent isotopic data on the southeast Brazilian coast have been published by Venancio et al. (2014), this dataset is not comparable because it refers to a coastal upwelling area under the influence of different continental and internal processes. All ? 18 Osw, ?Dsw and salinity data presented here will be submitted to NASA/GISS to improve the coverage of isotopic data for the South Atlantic Ocean.
Secure ISOTOPES Shipment And you will FRACTIONATION Models
Hydrographic studies and isotopic thinking for every attempt try sumples was separated by water bulk with respect to the major sum gotten once brand new mix triangle analyses. So it dataset is an excellent icon of the isotopic straight shipments as much as 2000 yards depth, and you can was well-distributed involving the water people (all in all, 34 TW samples, 21 SACW products, 18 AAIW examples and lo que es once 20 NADW examples, with the exception of the five CW products).
Following the well-established ?Dsw and ? 18 Osw linear relationship (Merlivat and Jouzel 1979), we found at the surface layer a moderate correlation (R?= 0.55, n=27), and at the intermediate and deeper layer, a stronger correlation (R?=0.94 and 0.81; n= 33 and 38, respectively). The ? 18 Osw:?Dsw relationship for the whole dataset is presented in Figure 2 with a strong linear correlation (R 2 =0.94, n=98), which indicates that all of the future considerations regarding the ? 18 Osw can be extrapolated to ?Dsw including the Salinity and ? 18 Osw relationship.
Because the slopes and intersection points for each of the layers were very similar (?=7.05, 7.02 and 6.91; b= -0.49, -0.67 and -1.4, respectively), we propose a mixing line gathering together the entire dataset (?Dsw= 7.62* ? 18 Osw – 1.18) ( Fig. 2).
Following the Salinity and ? 18 Osw relationship, the vertical ? 18 Osw profile has a similar pattern to salinity ( Fig. 3). The upper layer, corresponding to TW, is characterized by a maximum with values up to 1.34‰ and controlled mainly by the E-P balance (Craig and Gordon 1965). Along the SACW layer, there is a consistent depletion of this isotope from 1.13‰ at 180 m to 0.19‰ at 700 m. This behavior follows the temperature and salinity profile tendency in the thermocline. The ? 18 Osw minimum is associated with the positioning of AAIW, which is characterized by minimum salinity derived from the sea melt and high precipitation rates in the Antarctic Divergence region (Tomczak and Godfrey 2003), which reduces the levels of ? 18 Osw (up to -0.33‰). Below 1000 m depth, a slight increase of the ? 18 Osw and salinity levels associated with the NADW layer can be observed.